Understanding Rectal Cancer
Understanding Rectal Cancer
What is Rectal Cancer?
Rectal cancer arises from the lining and other tissues of the rectum, which is the final part of the large intestine connecting the colon to the anus. While adenocarcinoma is the most common type, other types like sarcomas and neuroendocrine tumors also exist.
Common Symptoms
Symptoms may include bleeding in stools, changes in bowel habits (such as frequent diarrhea or long-standing constipation), abdominal pain, and rectal discomfort. Other symptoms are loss of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue.
Diagnosis and Screening
Early detection is possible through screening tests like fecal occult blood tests, colonoscopy, and sigmoidoscopy. During a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, a doctor uses a flexible tube with a camera to examine the rectum and colon. Adults should start screening at age 45, with earlier and more frequent screening for those with a family history of colorectal cancer or inflammatory bowel disease. If cancer is suspected, a biopsy is performed to confirm the diagnosis, followed by imaging tests like MRI, CT, and PET scans to determine the cancer stage.
Treatment Options
Rectal cancer treatment may involve a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The treatment approach is chosen based on the cancer stage, patient age, overall health, and personal preferences.
1. Surgery
Surgery is the most common treatment, where doctors may remove the tumor, part of the rectum, or, in some cases, the entire rectum, depending on the cancer stage. Surgery may also be performed to alleviate symptoms in advanced cases.
2. Radiation Therapy
High-energy radiation is used to destroy cancer cells, often in conjunction with surgery and chemotherapy. It may be administered before or after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence.
3. Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells and may be given orally or intravenously. It is commonly combined with radiation therapy or surgery.
4. Targeted Therapy
This newer treatment focuses on targeting specific genes or proteins involved in cancer cell growth, often used with chemotherapy to enhance efficacy.
5. Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy stimulates the immune system to attack cancer cells more effectively. This treatment may include using T-cells or B-cells to bolster the immune response, usually combined with other therapies.
Choosing the Right Treatment Approach
The choice of treatment depends on a variety of factors, including cancer stage, age, overall health, and personal preferences. Collaborating with an experienced team of medical professionals who use a multidisciplinary approach is essential for achieving the best outcome.
